GPAT - PGCET - GATE Study Material related to Central Nervous System Drugs

GPAT Study Material related to Central Nervous System Drugs
For Quick Reference

Central Nervous System Drugs :

- Analgesic Agents



- General and Local Anesthetics


- CNS Stimulants


- Antiepileptic


- Antiparkinsonian


- Psychotherapeutic
 
Pain  : Physiological and Psychological elements
 
Physical element- actual sensation by patient



Pain threshold    - involves nerve stimulation and brain response


Psychological element  - perception by patient


          Molded by culture, age, sex, previous experience, anxiety
 
Physical Element  :
 
- Pain Threshold - level of stimulus needed to produce the perception of pain



                          Involves nerve pathways and brain


- May be lowered by: Anger, anxiety, fear, chronic pain


- May be increased by: Diversion, empathy, medication
 
Psychological Element :
 
   - Reflects patient’s emotional response to pain


    - Variables include:


                          - Age


                          - Sex


                         - Culture


                         - Previous Pain Experience


                         - Anxiety Level

Pain Definitions  :

Acute Pain - sudden onset, subsides with treatment (sharp, localized)



Chronic Pain - persistent, reoccuring, difficult to treat (dull, slow, variable)


Somatic- skeletal muscles, ligaments


Visceral- organs, smooth muscles


Superficial- skin, mucus membranes
 
GPAT THEORY :
 
Proposed by Melzack and Wall (1965)



Tissue injury releases bradykinin, histamine, potassium, prostaglandins and serotonin


Action potential initiated along sensory nerve and pain receptor activated


Gates in dorsal horn of spine


Enkalphins and endorphins counteract